First published 2009
by Routledge
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2009
Andrew Sangpil Byon
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electroni
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from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Byon, Andrew Sangpil.
Basic Korean : a grammar & workbook / Andrew Sangpil Byon. – 1st ed.
p. cm. – (Grammar workbook series)
1. Korean language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc.
2. Korean language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. I. Title.
PL913.B96 2008
495.7′82421–dc22
2008006927
ISBN10 0-415-77487-X (pbk)
ISBN10 0-203-89227-5 (ebk)
ISBN13 978-0-415-77487-1 (pbk)
ISBN13 978-0-203-89227-5 (ebk)
9780415774871_A 01.indd iv9780415774871_A01.indd iv 7/4/2008 1:43:04 PM7/4/2008 1:43:04 PM
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk
.”
ISBN 0-203-89227-5 Master e-book ISBN
CONTENTS
Preface vii
1 Reading Hangul (the Korean alphabet) 1
2 Characteristics of the Korean language 9
3 Nouns 15
4 Predicates and endings 23
5 The deferential speech level and the polite speech level 29
6 The subject case particle 㧊VṖG i/ka 39
7 The special particle 㦖 Un/⓪ nUn 47
8 Pronouns 55
9 Numbers, ordinals, and plural marker ✺ tUl 65
10 Counters, question word ⳝ myOt, and some time
expressions 73
11 The copula 㧊┺V㞚┞┺Gand the verb of existence and
location 㧞┺V㠜┺ 81
12 Case particles 1 㦚 Ul/⯒ lUl and O㦒P⪲ (U)ro 89
13 Case particles 2 㦮 Ui, 㠦 e, 㢖 wa/ὒ kwa, O㧊P⧧ irang,
and 䞮ἶ hago 99
14 Case particles 3 㠦㍲ esO, 㠦Ợ ege, 䞲䎢 hant’e, ℮ kke,
㠦Ợ㍲ egesO, and 䞲䎢㍲ hant’esO 109
15 Special particles 1 ☚ to and Ⱒ man 117
16 Special particles 2 㧊⋮ ina, 䎆 put’O, and ₢㰖 kkaji 125
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17 Past tense and double past tense marker 133
18 Negation 141
19 Irregular verbs 151
20 Expressing desire -ἶG㕌┺ -ko sip’ta and progressive
form -ἶG㧞┺ -ko itta 161
21 The endings -O㦒Pඥ Ệ㡞㣪 -(U)l kOyeyo and -O㦒Pඥ₢㣪f
-(U)l kkayo? 169
22 Prenouns 177
23 Adverbs and adverbials 183
24 The endings -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 -(U)l laeyo and -O㦒PඥỢ㣪 -(U)lgeyo 191
25 The suffixes -Ỷ -ket and -O㦒P㔲 -(U)si 199
Key to exercises 207
Index 245
vi Contents
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PREFACE
Korean-as-a-foreign-language (KFL) teaching and learning in the English-
speaking world has hardly been popular among non-Koreans until quite
recently. However, the number of KFL learners has started to grow rapidly
since the latter half of the 1970s for various reasons, such as the increas-
ing visibility of South Korea on the international stage because of its fast
economic development and its democratization over the last four decades,
the continuing support from the Korean government regarding the expan-
sion of the Korean Studies program abroad, the growing importance of
the North Korean issues in contemporary global-political affairs, and the
recent growth of the Korean-American population in the USA.
In the USA alone, the number of colleges that offer KFL courses was
merely ten in 1975. However, that number has grown to over 130 in the
early 2000s. A few universities, including the University of Hawaii at Manoa
and the University of California at Los Angeles, have offered Korean
language BA, MA, and PhD programs. The number of Korean commu-
nity schools (for K-12 Korean and culture education) grew from seven in
1975 to 832 in 1996, and to over 900 in the early 2000s. In addition, over
20 public high schools have recently started to teach Korean. The Korean
language boom is not confined within the US private sector or university
settings but is found in the government sector as well. For example, US
government institutes such as the Defense Language Institute, the Foreign
Service Institute, and the Central Intelligence Agency provide intensive
Korean language training.
In recent decades the number of KFL textbooks for English-speaking
KFL classroom use has steadily increased. However, the number of KFL
study materials intended for a self-study purpose is still relatively scarce.
Furthermore, to date there has been no published KFL grammar workbook
that specifically aims at providing supplemental grammar explanations and
exercises in a single volume.
Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook and its sister volume,
Intermediate Korean, are intended to meet that need. The book focuses on
providing an accessible reference grammar explanation and related exercises
9780415774871_A 01.indd v ii9780415774871_A01.indd vii 7/4/2008 1:43:04 PM7/4/2008 1:43:04 PM
in a single volume. It is designed for independent English-speaking adult
KFL learners who intend to maintain and strengthen their knowledge of
essential Korean grammar and for classroom-based learners who are look-
ing for supplemental grammar explanations and practices. Consequently,
this book differs from existing KFL materials whose primary purpose is to
help KFL learners acquire four language skills, such as listening, speaking,
reading, and writing, as well as cultural knowledge.
The layout of this book also differs from those of existing KFL mater-
ials. For instance, a typical KFL textbook chapter may include model
dialogues, followed by vocabulary lists, grammar explanations, cultural
notes, and exercises. In contrast, following the pattern of other Grammar
Workbooks of the Routledge series, every unit of Basic Korean focuses
on presenting jargon-free and concise grammar explanations, followed by
relevant grammar exercises.
This book has 25 units, and it does not take a functional-situational
approach in grouping and/or sequencing target grammatical points. Rather
it sequences and covers grammatical points according to their grammatical
categories (e.g., nouns, pronouns, particles, numbers, verbs, adjectives, and
so on), so that learners can use the book for reference material as well as
for practice material. The exercises at the end of each unit are designed
primarily to reinforce the target grammatical points.
All Korean entries are presented in Hangul (the Korean alphabet) with
English translations to facilitate understanding. Accordingly, it requires
that learners familiarize themselves with Hangul in Unit 1, before going
on to the rest of the book. In addition, when translating Korean entries
into English, efforts were made to reflect the Korean meaning as closely
as possible. Consequently, some learners may feel certain English transla-
tions do not reflect typical English usages. However, the direct translation
approach was employed for pedagogical purposes.
In writing this book, I have been fortunate to have the assistance
and support of many people. I would like to thank my colleagues in
the Department of East Asian Studies at the University at Albany, State
University of New York, who were supportive of this project. I am grateful
to anonymous reviewers for their constructive and valuable comments.
I would like to express sincere gratitude to Sophie Oliver for initially
encouraging this project and to the editorial and production teams at
Routledge, Andrea Hartill, Ursula Mallows, Samantha Vale Noya, and
Andrew Watts for their advice and support throughout the process. My
thanks also go to Lisa Blackwell for her careful and thoughtful copy-editing.
Finally, as always, my special thanks go to my wife, Isabel, who, with her
optimism and encouragement, makes it possible for me to do what I really
love to do. Of course, I bear all responsibility for any shortcomings and
errors remaining.
viii Preface
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UNIT 1
Reading Hangul (the Korean alphabet)
The Korean writing system “Hangul” is one of the most scientific and sys-
tematic writing systems in the world. Hangul is made of an alphabet of 21
vowel and 19 consonant symbols. The system was invented in 1443 by the
King Sejong the Great and his group of royal scholars during the Chosun
dynasty of Korea (1392–1910). This unit introduces how to read Hangul.
The unit introduces individual vowel and consonant symbols and discusses
how each symbol is assembled into syllables to spell Korean words.
Vowels
Hangul has a total of 21 vowel symbols. Among them are 11 basic vowel
and ten double-vowel symbols. The basic vowel symbols include:
ර a (as in father)
uh (as in uh-oh)
ස o (as in home)
oo (as in boo)
u (as in pull)
ා ee (as in feet)
a (as in care)
ව e (as in met)
ෆ we (as in wet)
wi (as in we are the world)
ui (u as in pull, followed by ee as in feet, but said quickly as one
sound).
Ten double-vowel symbols are made of either adding one more stroke to
some of the above basic vowel symbols or combining some basic vowel
symbols together. For instance, the following six double-vowel symbols
are results of adding one more stroke (adding the y sound) to the first six
vowel symbols above (e.g., adding a stroke to ර “a,” you get ල “ya”).
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2 Unit 1: Reading Hangul
ල ya (as in yard)
ශ yo (as in yonder)
yo (as in yoga)
yu (as in you)
ya (as in yankie)
ෂG ye (as in yes)
Another four double-vowel symbols are made up of combining some
of the basic vowel symbols together (e.g., combining ස “o” and ර “a”
produces හ “wa”):
හG wa (as in wine)
wo (as in wonder)
ළ wae (as in wait)
් whe (as in when)
Notice that the above four double-vowel symbols have the w sound.
You may wonder whether other vowel symbols can be combined.
However, there are vowel symbols that cannot be combined together.
For instance, ස does not combine with or ව, whereas does not
combine with ර or . The reason is attributed to the Korean vowel
harmony principle.
In Korean, two vowel symbols ර and ස are called “bright vowels” since
they sound sonorous to Korean native speakers. Since the vowel symbols
such asGළ, හ, , and were derived from ර and ස (e.g., either add-
ing a stroke or combining them together), these vowel symbols are also
considered “bright vowels.” On the other hand, and are considered
“dark vowels” along with , ්, and ෂ. Meanwhile ා and are called
“neutral vowels.” The vowel harmony principle prohibits the combination
of bright and dark vowel symbols.
Consonants
Hangul has 19 consonant symbols, as shown below:
ථ p (as in park, but relaxed)
ඹ p (as in pill, aspirated; or with puffs of air)
ද p (as in speak, tense)
ඣ t (as in tall, but relaxed)
ම t (as in talk, aspirated)
ඤ t (as in steam, tense)
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Unit 1: Reading Hangul 3
ඝ k (as in kiss, but relaxed)
භ k (as in king, aspirated)
ඞ k (as in skill, tense)
ප ch (as in chill, but relaxed)
බ ch (as in change, aspirated)
ඵ tch (as in midget, tense)
ත m (as in mother)
ඳ ng (as in king)
ච n (as in nose)
ඥ l (l as in lung or r as in Spanish r)
ය h (as in hope)
න s (as in soul)
s (as in sea)
How to combine consonant with vowel symbols
The basic unit of a Korean letter is a syllable. In other words, a complete
Korean written letter must have at least one consonant and a vowel symbol.
The combinations of the vowel and consonant symbols are fivefold.
First, a syllable consists of only one vowel sound (e.g., like English “a”).
Although the letter pronunciation is consisted of only vowel pronunciation
like “a” (without any spoken consonant), you still need to start the syllable
with a consonant symbol to make the letter complete. For this purpose, you
use a Korean consonant ඳ. The use of the ඳ symbol is special in that it
is used as zero-value consonant when it appears before a vowel. It func-
tions as a place holder in a word-initial position, so that the letter “a”
should be written in Korean as 㞚 (not ර). Let us take another example.
Writing a letter for the sound “yo” should look like 㣪 not . Again,
although the letter begins with the vowel pronunciation “yo” (without any
spoken consonant), you still have to start with a zero-value consonant ඳ
to make it a complete letter, as in 㣪.
Second, it can have a vowel but followed by a consonant (e.g., like
English “on” or 㡾 in Korean). Third it can have a consonant, followed by
a vowel (e.g., like English “go” or ἶ in Korean). Fourth, a syllable letter
can have a consonant, followed by a vowel, and then a consonant (e.g.,
like English “dam” or ╊ in Korean) or two consonants (e.g., like English
“host” or 䦯 in Korean).
The position of the vowel symbols is either to the right of or below the
initial consonant symbol, as in ⹎ and ⏎. If the syllable has a consonant
after a vowel symbol, it is always below the vowel, as in ⹒ and ⏏.
There are a few things to remember. First, a Korean syllable does not
start with two consonants (e.g., unlike the English word “clip”). In addition,
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4 Unit 1: Reading Hangul
the syllable with three symbols (consonant-vowel-consonant(s)) seems to
be more crowded and compacted than the one of two symbols (consonant-
vowel) formation. However, each syllable should look about the same size,
no matter how many symbols it may contains. For instance, notice that the
sizes of the following two letters are about the same: ⋮ and 䦯. Another
thing to remember is that Hangul follows the spelling convention, and
consequently, Korean spellings do not change just because it reads a little
differently from its symbol combinations. In other words, one should not
write just as each word sounds (this is the same for English, where you
cannot write just as you hear or speak).
Exercises
Exercise 1.1
Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is pronounced
differently from the others.
◆, ┺, ╖
Exercise 1.2
Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is pronounced
differently from the others.
Ὦ, ᾊ, ῞
Exercise 1.3
Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is not one of the
“bright vowels.”
ර, ළ, , ස, ,
Exercise 1.4
Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is not one of the
“dark vowels.”
, , ්, හ, , ෂ
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Unit 1: Reading Hangul 5
Exercise 1.5
The following Korean words are the English borrowed words used in
Korean. Match each Korean word with one of the following English words
(camera, jazz, taxi, romance, hot dog, Starbucks, quiz, coat, bus, sandwich,
hamburger, and coffee):
1 ⻚㓺
2 䄺䞒
3 䆪䔎
4 㨂㯞
5 䊊㯞
6 ⪲ⰾ㓺
7 䌳㔲
8 㓺䌖⻛㓺
9 䟁☚⁎
10 ㌢✲㥚䂮
11 䟚⻚Ệ
12 䃊Ⲫ⧒
Exercise 1.6
The following are names of countries in Hangul. Make a guess and write
the English name for each country.
1 ぢ⧒㰞
2 㓺䗮㧎
3 ⏎⯊㤾㧊
4 䞖⧖✲
5 䞚Ⰲ䞖
6 㧊䌞Ⰲ㞚
7 䝚⧧㓺
8 㧟⁖⧲✲
9 䃦⋮┺
10 ⲫ㔲䆪
Exercise 1.7
The following are names of cities in Hangul. Make a guess and write the
English name for each city.
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